Tindall Outline Chapter 8

Isaac Atayero
Mrs. Mary Anne McElroy
Advanced Placement United States History
02/16/12

Tindall Outline Chapter 8

Organizing the new government

1. America in 1789-  United States and the western territories reached from the Atlantic ocean to the Mississippi River. Middle Atlantic states boasted with a well balanced economy, the largest cities and diverse ethnic  and religious groups. The United States  was predominantly a rural society
2. The convening of Congress- On March 4, 1789- the new congress had a meeting in New York City with only 8 senators.
3. The first president- Washington was a reluctant first president but agreed to serve because he was summoned by his country.
4. Structure of the government- Executive Department  was made to correspond to the one formed under the Confederation.
5. Court system- The structure of the federal court was left to congress except  for a chief justice and the Supreme court.
6. Bill of Rights added to the Constitution-  Bill of rights was added to protect individual freedoms, state’s rights and civil liberties. Bill of Rights  provided no rights or legal protection to African Americans nor Indians.
7. The First Amendment- The first Amendment  declares that Congress shall make no law respecting or prohibiting an establishment of religion.The first eight amendments  were modeled after the Virginia Declarations of Rights .
8. Church-State Relations- There is no direct mention of God in constitution because they were determined to protect freedom of religion from government  interference.
9. Revenue for the government- Madison’s idea for raising revenue demanded that the U.S.  wage an economic war  against Great Britain  but Northern businessmen were in no mood for renewal of economic pressures.
10. Import and tonnage duties- Tonnage Act of 1789 was between U.S. and foreign ships : U.S. ships  paid 6 cents per ton; American built foreign - owned ships paid 30 cents; and ships that were foreign built  and owned paid 50 cents per ton. Tariffs and tonnage duties  resulted in high prices on goods  bought by Americans.
11. North-South divisions over tariff policy-   Should rural consumers be forced to subsidize the nation’s infant manufacturing sector?

Hamilton's vision of America

1. Hamilton's background-  born out of wedlock on a Caribbean deserted by his father. Later left an orphan at 13. Attended college in New York, entered continental army & became Washington’s favorite aide. After war he studied law and eventually became collector of revenues for Confederation Congress.
2. Hamilton's views on government and the economy- He was determined to turn states into powerful national and global force. He believed a limited but assertive government  that encouraged new fields of enterprise and fostered investment and entrepreneurship.
3. The Reports on Public Credit- the first two dealt with war-generated debt.
4. Funding and assumption of the debt- The reports called for funding the federal debt at face value and it declared that the federal government should assume state debts from the Revolution.
5. Hamilton’s three reports proposed to help government:
1. Proposal for an excise tax on liquor
2. Proposal for a national bank and mint- to provide currency
3. Report on Manufactures- an extensive program of government  aid to stimulate  the development of manufacturing enterprises to reduce America’s dependence on imported goods.
6. Concern about rewarding speculators- The plan would win the new government the support of the wealthy  creditors who would have a direct financial stake in the survival of government.
7. Sectional differences- Madison’s opposition to Hamilton’s plan signaled a political division along geographic lines.
8. Compromise solution of 1790 - in return for northern votes in favor of relocation of the capital, Madison would seek southern votes to pass debt assumption plan.
9. Hamilton's plan for a national bank- He models it after the bank of England.
10. Advantages and functions of a bank- To provide a uniform national paper currency that would address the chronic American shortage of gold and silver. It would remain under government control .It would provide a stable, flexible, national currency and a source of capital for loans to fund business and commercial development.
11. Controversy over its constitutionality- President sought advice of cabinet before signing the bill into law. It is resolved in Article 1, Section 8 .Hamilton wins Washington's approval & convinces him to sign the controversial bill.
12. Hamilton's Report on Manufactures- the active governmental  encouragement  of manufacturing to provide  productive uses for the new capital.
13. Advantages of governmental development of manufacturing- the diversification  of labor in a country  given over too much to farming, improved productivity through greater use of machinery; paid work for those not ordinarily employed outside the home; the promotion of immigration to provide for industrial workers; more ample and various opportunities for entrepreneurial activity; and a better domestic market for agricultural products.
14. Techniques to promote manufacturing-  tariffs on imported goods; restraints on the export of raw materials; government - paid  bounties  and premiums to encourage certain industries; tariff exemptions for imported raw materials needed for American manufacturing; government encouragement of inventions and discoveries; regulations for the inspection of commodities; and the financing of improvements in transportation.
15. Reactions to the proposals- conflict between northern and southern regions of the union was not needed because he claimed both sides would benefit.
16. The success of Hamilton's programs-  Treasury Department  during early early 17/90s began to retire the Revolutionary War debt; economy flourished; foundations for powerful capitalist republic.

Development of political parties

1. Madison's and Jefferson's general reactions- Hamilton finds federalists and Madison and Jefferson  led republicans.
2. Jefferson's and Hamilton's views compared- None set out to create political parties,
3. Development of party support- Madison assumed leadership of Hamilton’s opponents in Congress.

Crises foreign and domestic

1. Impact of the French Revolution- Jefferson supported the French Revolution unlike Vice President John Adams. It also transformed international relations, created complex European alliances and prolonged wars that made America’s neutrality hard.
2. Washington's neutrality proclamation- April 22, 1793 that warned U.S. citizens that they might prosecuted for taking part in nonneutral acts.
3. Actions of Citizen Genet- He engaged privateers to to capture British ships and conspired with frontiersmen and land speculators to organize an attack on Spanish Florida and Louisana.Americans divide over support for Britain or France
4. Jay's instructions-To get the British out of their forts, secure reparations for the losses of American shippers, compensation for southern slaves carried away by British ships in 1783 and a new commercial treaty that would legalize American trade with the British West Indies.
5. Terms accepted by Jay- Exports of tar, pitch and other supplies for warships are contraband and that such military products could not go in neutral ships to enemy ports and that trade that was prohibited in peacetime because of mercantilist restrictions could  not be opened opened in wartime.
6. Jay’s Treaty- British evacuation of their  northwestern forts by 1796, reparations for the seizures of American ships and cargo in 1793-1794, and the right of Americans merchants to trade with the British West Indies.
7. Public reactions to the treaty- The Public reacted with expected outrage in the form of riots and claimed that the treaty was unconstitutional.
8. Congressional reaction- The federalists were ready to sign the treaty but the republicans firmly opposed it.
9. Washington reluctantly signs the treaty concluding that it was the best e was likely to get.
10. The Battle of Fallen Timbers-  Shawnee, Ottawa, Chippewa, and Potowatomi warriors attacked Wayne’s troops in south of Detroit.
11. Basis for the Whiskey Rebellion- Frontier farmers were outraged by Hamilton’s tax on liquor because all Americans drank liquor and in the Appalachian Mountains, liquor was primary cash commodity. They saw it as part of Hamilton’s scheme to use the poor to enrich urban speculators.
12. Army sent to disperse the rebellion- 12,900 militiamen from Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Army was ordered to suppress the rebellion. Rebels vanished when met with little rebellion.
13. Effects of the incident- The government made a point of reputation of strength by suppresing the rebellion. It also caused those that sympathized with the frontiersmen to become republicans and the beginning of rebellions.
14. Issues with Spain-  The defeat of their Indian allies, worries about a possible American Intervention in Louisiana and Britain’s concessions in the North led the Spanish to enter into treaty negotiations with the Americans.
15. Terms of the Pinckney's Treaty- Acceptance off a boundary at the 31st parallel, open access to Mississippi River, the right to transport goods to Spanish -controlled New Orleans, a commission to settle American claims against Spain and a promise by each side to refrain from inciting Indian attacks on the other side.
16. Development of land policy-People thought that federal land should serve mainly as a source of revenue, or it was more important to the country to lower land prices.
17. Party conflict over basic principles of land policy- Federalists preferred to build the population of eastern first because they favored high prices for federal land to enrich the Treasury. Republicans wanted lands that could be more readily settled by the masses.
18. Congressional changes in land policy from 1796 to 1804-  Land Act of 1796- Congress extended the surveys ordained in 1785 but doubled the price with only one year to complete the payment. Land Act of 1804- minimum unit was reduced and price per acre was reduced.
19. The Wilderness Road- Boone and 30 woodsmen widened the warrior’s path  into Wilderness Road. A passage that settlers would use for the next 25 years.
20. Daniel Boone- pathfinder who led thousands of settlers to the lure of western lands.
21. Pioneer life- Corn was the preferred crop; they grew beans, turnips and other vegetables; they built temporary shelters and cleared land for planting; marked boundaries by chopping notches into “witness trees”; came on foot or horseback.
22. Washington's farewell- The speech was drafted with significant help from Hamilton and on Sept. 17, 1796 he called for unity from people to back their government.He decried the rising of sectionalism for fear of political parties and promoting local interests.
23. Summary of his achievements as president- the organization of a new national government with demonstrated power, a secure national credit, the recovery of territory from Britain and Spain, a stable northwestern frontier, and admission of three new states; Vermont (1791), Kentucky (1792) & Tennessee (1796).
24. General principles of the Farewell Address- Avoid habitual hatred and habitual friendliness with other countries (temporary alliances for emergencies).

The Adams administration

1. Election of 1796’s Candidates- John Adams, Thomas Pinckney, Thomas effersob and Aaron Burr.
2. Outcome of the election- Adams won . Adams was labeled pro- British, Jefferson- French-loving atheist that was ready to incite war with England. Jefferson‘s decision to have the French ambassador’s support backfired.
3. Adams the man- A lawyer, leader in Revolutionary movement, in the middle of Hamilton and Jefferson. He feared democracy and saw equality as fanciful, he favored the elements of aristocratic and monarchical, which he got in trouble with the Republicans for. He felt under appreciated
4. French interference with American shipping-  At Adams’ inauguration in 1797,French plundered some 300 American ships and broken diplomatic relations with America.
5. The XYZ Affair- French diplomats confided that negotiations could begin only If the Americans paid a bribe of $250,000 which three American negotiators reject.
6. Creation of a navy and the beginning of an undeclared war- Adams does not officially declare war , however, Congress authorized  the capture of armed French ships, suspended commerce with France and renounced the 1778 Treaty of Alliance. In 1798, Congress authorized a Department of the Navy and an undeclared naval war had begun in the West Indies with the French capture of an American schooner
7. Organization of a new army- Washington agrees to be commander if only Hamilton is second in command.
8. The Convention of 1800 ends the war- 1799, Adams dispatched a team of 3 Americans to negotiate with the new French government. At The Convention of 1800 - In return for giving up all claims of indemnity for American losses, they got official suspension of the 1778  perpetual alliance with France and an end to the quasi naval war. It became effective on December 21, 1801.
9. The Alien and Sedition Acts- Limited freedom of speech and the press and the liberty of aliens. Sedition Acts were designed to punish Republicans.
10. The war worsens party divisions- Republican and Federalist journalists published lies; both sides were affected with paranoia.
11. Terms and purposes of the acts-  The Naturalization Act lengthened from five to fourteen years the residency requirement of citizenship; The Alien Act- empowered the president to deport “dangerous” citizen; The Alien Enemies Act- authorized the president in time of declared war to expel or imprison enemy aliens at will; The Sedition Act- defined as a high misdemeanor any conspiracy against legal measures of the government. It also forbade writing, publishing, or speaking anything false against the government or any of its officers.
12. Arrests and prosecutions-Republican editors and a Republican congressman were targets of prosecution. Matthew Lyon , an Irishman, was imprisoned for four months and fined $1,000.
13. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions- denounced the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Election of 1800

1. Candidates- Jefferson and Burr, Adams and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney.
2. Outcome of the election- Republican victory- The deadlock was broken when a confidant of Jefferson’s assured a Delaware congressman that Jefferson , if elected, would refrain from the wholesale removal of Federalist appointed to federal offices and would uphold Hamilton’s financial policies. Some federalists cast blank votes; This allowed Jefferson to win without any of them voting.
3. Packing the judiciary-  Judiciary Act  of 1801-  Intended to ensure Federalist control of the judicial system and it  provided the next vacancy on the Supreme Court would not be filled , created sixteen federal circuit courts with a new judge for each, and increased the number of federal attorneys, clerks and marshals.
4. The election as a turning point in American political history- It was the first time that one political party, ungracefully,  relinquished power to the opposition party.