Tindall Outlne Chapter 9

Isaac Atayero

Mrs. Mary Anne McElroy
Advanced Placement United States History
03/05/12

TINDALL CHAPTER 9

CHAPTER 9: THE EARLY REPUBLIC

Focus Questions

1. What were the main achievements of Jefferson's administration?
He did not dismantle much of Hamilton’s program, repealed whiskey tax and cut back on government expenditures. He involved navy in subduing the Barbary pirates and negotiated and then with the French to ensure that Mississippi River remained open to America commerce and the purchase of the Louisiana Territory.
2. What was the impact of the Marshall court on the U.S. government?
In Marbury v. Madison, the Court declared a federal act unconstitutional for the first time. With that decision, the Court assumed the right of judicial review over acts of Congress. Marshall established the constitutional supremacy of the federal government over state governments.
3. How did the Louisiana Purchase change the United States?
Federalists feared that addition of new territories would strengthen republicans; the “Corps of Discovery” captured the public imagination, and gave the U.S.A a claim to the Oregon Country.
4. What were the causes of the War of 1812?
Neither Britain nor France wanted its enemy to purchase U.S. goods, so both declared blockades.In retaliation, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act, Madison declared war on the grounds over the issue of neutral shipping rights and the fear that the British were inciting Native Americans to attack frontier settlements.
5. What were the effects of the War of 1812?
Launching the economic Independence of the United States, as goods previously purchased from Britain were now manufactured at home.delegates from waning Federalist party met at the Hartford Convention to consider states’ rights and secession; while Republicans embraced nationalism and a broad interpretation of the Constitution.

The New Republic

1. Westward migrations-

-Land sales west of the Appalachian Mountains soared in the early nineteenth century as aspiring farmers shoved Indians aside in order to establish homesteads of their own.
- Migrants flowed in three streams between 1780 and 1830. One ran from the Old South-Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas, the second from Maryland and Virginia and the third was into upstate New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Michigan.

2. Upsurge in black freedom- Free Blacks were the fastest growing part of the population; Many received freedom from fighting in the war and afterward the North outlawed slavery causing anti-slavery societies to blossom.
3. General economic trends-

-Westward expansion, economic growth, urban development, and the democrization of politics preoccupied Americans born after 1776.
-Farmers focused on producing plus crops and livestock to sell in markets, cotton prices  soared, The plantation economy was also productive.
- Enterprises emerged; textiles, transportation, publishing, technological innovations, factory system.

The New Federal City

1. The New Federal city was Washington , District of Columbia and efferson was first to be president there.
2. The "Revolution of 1800"- What Jefferson’s election is called as he was the first president to pursue the role of a party leader.

1. Repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801-  Abolished the circuit judgeships and other offices.
2. Importance of the Marbury v. Madison ruling-The Constitution specified that the Court should only has original jurisdiction only in cases involving foreign ambassadors or states; The Supreme Court is the final judge of constitutional interpretation.
3. Impeachment of justices- In 1804 , Republicans used the impeachment power against  two of the most partisan Federalist judges and ousted one of them, Judge John Pickering.
4. Acceptance of the national bank- Jefferson did this as an essential convenience under tutelage of Treasury Secretary.                                                    
5. Repeal of excise taxes- Jefferson won repeal of whiskey tax
6. Sources of good revenue- Napeoleonic Wars increased American shipping traffic,settlers flocked western land purchased from government.
7. Treatment of army and navy- Army expenses were cut back, navy ought to be reduced, rely on land-based fortifications and a “mosquito fleet” of small gunboats.
8. Foreign slave trade outlawed- 1807- Act that outlawed foreign slave trade as January 1, 1808.
9. Causes of Conflict with the Barbary pirates- Pirates captured American vessels and crews and while America sent black mail to the countries, they still persisted.
10. United States actions towards the Barbary pirates-pasha of Tripoli declared war on U.S.A so Jefferson sent warships to blockade Tripoli.
11. The Louisiana Purchase
1. Interest in the territory- Since Seven Years’ War the dream of retaking Louisiana stirred the French.
2. Negotiating the purchase- Robert R. Livingston was sent  to Paris as U.S. minister to France. Negotiations dragged into 1803 and Livingston snapped up the offer to  buy Louisiana.
3. Constitutional issues- The constitution did not mention purchase of territory.
4. Ratification and aftermath- The Senate ratified the treaty by vote of 26 to 6 and on Dec 20, 1803, U.S. officials took formal possession of the sprawling Louisiana Territory.
12. Lewis and Clark- 29 year old Meriwether Lewis, his former private secretary and William Clark, former army officer.Both kept detailed journals of travels and made maps. Their reports of friendly Indians and abundant beaver pelts attracted traders and trappers.
13. "Corps of Discovery"- In 1804, nearly fifty people set out from 1804 to Missouri River.
14. The new empire would reduce New England and the federalist party to insignificance in political affairs.
15. Thomas Pickering and the Essex Junto - Secretary of State and U.S. Senator ,Pickering and a group of Mass. federalists, called the Essex Junto, considered seceding from the Union, an idea that would simmer in New England circles for another decade.
16. Burr's duel with Hamilton - The duel  took place at Weehawken, NJ after Hamilton’s bitter remarks on Burr. Hamilton died.
17. 1804 election- Jefferson and Clinton won 162 of the 176 electoral votes; they beat federalists- Charles Pinckney and Rufus King- first landslide election in American History.

Republican divisions

1. Emergence of the Old Republicans- John Randolph became spokesman for “Old Republicans”. They were mainly Southerners who wanted 1- States’ rights, 2-strict construction of constitution, 3- opposed compromise with federalists, 4- agrarian way of life.
2. Burr's background and character- opposed Jefferson; had a taste for backroom deal making, caught in dubious schemes in 1800 and 1804. Indicted  for murder, heavily in debt,fled to Florida, returned to Washington to preside over senate .
3. Treason trial- charged with treason ; brought for trial before Chief Justice John Marshall. This causes 1) Independence of the executive branch would be compromisedif the president were subject to a court writ- allowing Jefferson to not submit papers to congress  ; 2) Treason under the Constitution consists of levying war against the United States or adhering to their enemies and requires 2 witnesses to the same overt act for conviction- allowing Burr to go free.
4. Burr's later life- skipped bail, moved to France, returned to study law in NY in 1812, divorced b/c of adultery, died in 18\36 at 78.

War in Europe

1. Napoléon's victories- He defeat Russia and Austria in 1805 and all of western Europe.
2. Mutual blockades- In 1806 & 1807- British set up paper blockade of Europe and Napoleon retaliated with Continental System, They both put restrictions on America trade.
3. Impressment- Seizure of British subjects from American vessels became a new source of recruits.
4. Nature of The Jefferson Embargo act- stopped all exports of American goods and prohibited American ships from leaving foreign ports.
1. Impact- illegal trade with Britain and France
2. Opposition and repeal- Resistance was led by the federalists
5. Madison and Clinton elected in 1808
6. Non-Intercourse Act- Congress reopened trade with all countries except France and England and allowed president to reopen trade with whichever gave up restrictions on America trade.
7. Macon's Bill No. 2- Reopened trade with the warring powers but provided that if either dropped its restrictions , the United States would embargo trade with the other.
8. Intrigues with Britain and France over the trade restrictions- Britain refused to give in and forced Madison's request for war Britain preferred no war but not knowing this, Congress concurred war.
9. With more time/patience Madison’s policies would have been met and the war would have been avoided.

The War of 1812

1. Causes- Demand for neutral rights,violation of American shipping, frontier Indian attack that were blamed on British agents, western land.
2. Farming regions and shippers- NY  and New England voted against war because farming region suffered damages to their cotton, grain and tobacco markets. New England shippers made profits from smuggling.
3. Indian attacks- Land hungry settlers kept moving out and forcing Indians to sign treaties they did not understand.
4. Tecumseh-Shawnee leader that saw the consequence of Indian disunity; traveled from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico to try to form a confederation of tribes to defend Indian hunting grounds.
5. The Battle of Tippecanoe- An attempt to stop to Tecumseh’s cause; reinforced rumors that British Agents in Great Lakes were inciting Indians.
6. The war hawks- in late 1811, Congress gathered to fight for American honor; led by Henry Clay; could get neither Canada nor Florida.
7. Banking problems- twenty year charter of the bank of the United States expire; many state banks were mismanaged; trade dried up, tariff revenues declined, northeastern opponents were reluctant to lend money.
8. Problems with building an army-  Army was ill-trained, poorly eqipped and led with officers past their prime.
9. State of the navy- in good shape, able officers, trained men, sixteen well outfitted and seaworthy ships.
10. War in the North- Canada is the only place America could effectively attack Britain.
11. Three-pronged strategy -failed; opted for Madison’s administration along Lake Champlian , toward Montreal with Gen. Dearborn in command; along Niagara River with forces under gen. Renessaler; into Upper Canada with Gen. William & 2,000 men.
12. Detroit and Fort Dearborn forces surrendered; Most of Perry’s soldiers were dead or wounded and the British still had two warships. American naval control of Lake Erie forced British to evacuate upper Canada and give up Detroit after being defeated in the Battle of Thames on October 5.
13. War in the South -Creek aggressions; August 30, Creeks allied with the British attacked Fort Mims.
14. Jackson and Horseshoe Bend- When he heard this, Jackson summoned 2,000 volunteers and set out on a vengeful campaign across Alabama that crushed the Creek resistance.Decisive battle on March 27, 1814 at Horseshoebend; Cherokee allies were helpful, Treaty of Fort Jackson- Creeks ceded two thirds of their land to U.S.A, including part Of Georgia and most of Alabama.
15. Macdonough's victory on Lake Champlain- England’s army bogged down while its flotilla engaged Macdonogh’s ships in a battle that ended with the entire British fleet either destroyed or captured.
16. Invasions at Washington and Baltimore- British captured and burned Washington D.C., the White house, the capitol, and most other government buildings.
17. Battle of New Orleans- occured after a peace treaty signed in Europe,Britsh lost,battle ensured that both governments acted quickly to ratify the treaty.
18. Treaty of Ghent - ends war, signed on Christmas Eve
19. Issues to be resolved - British stop impressment, British provide compensation for seizure of American ships. British wanted discussions for territory in NY and Maine, removal of U.S. warships from the Great Lakes, the creation of an Indian buffer state in the Northwest
20. The Hartford Convention-represented the climax of New England’s disaffection with “Mr. Madison’s War”
21. Composition-Massachusetts refused to contribute militia to the war effort
22. Actions- Merchants continued to sell supplies to British troops in Canada. On Dec. 15, the Hartford Convention assembled with delegates from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, New Hamsphire.Convention proposed 7 constitutional amendments designed designed to limit Republican (Southern ) Influence, abolishing counting of slaves in apportioning state representation in Congress, requiring two thirds vote to declare war admit new states, prohibiting embargoes lasting more than sixty days,excluding foreign- born Individuals from holding federal office, limiting the president to one term, and for bidding successive presidents from the state.    
23. Consequences- The convention carried the threat of secession if the demands were ignored but the threat evaporated quickly; fatal blow to the federalist party.              
24. Aftermath of the war -Inspired patriotism and nationalism,
1. Action against the pirates of the Barbary Coast- America’s Gen. Decatur seized two Algerian ships and on June 30, 1815, the Algerian ruler agreed to stop seizing American ships and give up all U.S. prisoners.
2. Reversal of roles by Republicans and Federalists- Republicans decided that a peacetime army and navy are necessary,need for national bank, embraced nationalism; wanted amendments resulting the first great reversal of roles in the constitutional interpretation.